![]() ![]() Among all these techniques, the thermal evaporation under vacuum has the advantage of providing high purity film, high deposition rate and low cost elaboration. Many routes have been undertaken to elaborate CZTS thin films, whether chemical or physical techniques. Among the chalcogenide family, the Cu 2ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) is considered one of the most promising candidates owing to its p-type electrical conductivity, its high absorption coefficient of about 10 4 cm −1 in the visible light region and its direct band gap of about 1.5 eV. Thanks to its optoelectronic properties, the quaternary chalcogenide family Cu 2XSnS 4 (X = Ni, Zn, Co, Mn, Fe) are chosen to be the promising group of materials for use as absorber layer for photovoltaic application. It is in this context, scientists were oriented in developing a new generation of thin film solar cells composed of low-cost and eco-friendly materials. However, the reliability of CIGS and CdTe based solar cells is facing a hard task because of the scarcity of several constituents such as Indium (In) and germanium (Ga) and the toxicity of Cadmium (Cd). Among various types of solar cells, CIGS (CuIn xGa 1−xS(Se) 2) and CdTe solar cells have attracted a lot of interest thanks to their high efficiencies 25 and 22.1%. Currently, research in the solar cells field is one of the fastest growing renewable technologies. ![]()
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